1. India is the seventh largest country of the world in area-wise, accounting for about 2.4% of the total world area, and second largest population wise.
2. Called a sub-continent for it stands out prominent in the Asian continent.
3. North-south extent is 3214 km. and westeast is 2933 km.
4. Total length of land frontier is 15200 km.
5. Total length of coastline is 7516 km.
6. Total length of mainland coastline is 6100 km.
7. States having common boundaries with India are Pakistan, Afghanistan, China,Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
8. Tropic of cancer passes through the sub continent almost midway.
9. The southernmost tip is Pygmalion point(Now known as Indira point) in Great Nicobar Islands.
10. The southernmost tip of the mainland is the Cape of Camorin 8° north of Equator.
11. Prominent islands in the Bay of Bengal are Andaman (200) and Nicobar (19), Barren and Narcondam.
12. Prominent islands in the Arabian Sea are Lakshadweep (Coral island), Minicoy and Aminidvi.
13. Prominent island in the Gulf of Mannar is Pamban.
14. The Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka.
15. The western coast is known as Malabar coast (mainly in Kerala) and Coromandal coast (mainly in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh).
16. 82°30' East longitude is taken to be Standard Meridian of India. The local time determined along this meridian serves as the Indian Standard Time for every place, in the country. It passes through near Naini (Allahabad).
17. In India, “Aravalli Range” is one of the oldest mountain ranges of the world.
18. The only active volcano of India is found in the Andamans.
19. The islands in the Arabian Sea are of coral origin.
20. The “Satpura Range” lies between “Narmada” and “Tapti” rivers.
21. The Andaman and Nicobar are believed to be the extension of the “Arakan Yoma” of Burma.
22. The river Damodar originates near “Tori” in Palamau.
23. The “Palghat Gap” connects Tamil Nadu and Kerala and is located south of the Nilgiri.
24. India is 4 times larger than Pakistan which is second largest in the Asia. 12 times larger than UK and 8 times larger than Japan.
25. The northern frontier of India is “15,200”km long and it has a coastline of 6,100 km.
26. The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait separate India from Srilanka.
27. Himalayas has been credited of having the world’s 14th highest peaks ranging between the “Jana” (7710 m) Everest (8848 m) Kanchanjunga (8,598 m), Dhaulagiri (8,127m), Nanga Parbat (8,126 m) and Nanda Devi(7,817 m)
28. The “Khyber Pass” is of “1000 m” and leads form Peshawar to Kabul.
29. The Gomal Pass is of “1,525 m” and is an important trade route.
30. The Bolan Pass is of “1.800 m” and lies between the Sulaiman and the “Kirthar” range.
31. The “Shipki Pass” leads from Punjab to Tibet.
32. The Western Ghat is known as “Sahyadri” in Maharashtra. In Tamil Nadu, they form the Nilgiri Hills.
33. “Kaveri” river is known as the “Ganga of the south”
34. Lake “Chilka” in Orissa, Kolleru and “Pulicat” in Andhra Pradesh are among the large lakes found in eastern coastal plain.
35. “Andaman and Nicobar” is separated by a deep sea known as “Ten Degree Channel” since it coincides with 100 N latitudes.
36. “Lagoons” are Salt water lakes which are separated from the Sea by the formation of the sand bars along the coast.
37. On April 10, 1991, India’s only volcano erupted in Barren Island in the Andamans after lying dormant for 200 years.
38. Jammu town stands on the Jammu Hills of Siwalik range of South Kashmir Himalayas.
39. Pir Panjal range of Himachal section of Kashmir Himalayas is the origin of thrust faulting and isoclinal folding and is transversed by two passes - the Pir Panjal and Banihal; the later now provides the main gateway to the vale of Kashmir from the Indian Plains.
40. The vale of Kashmir is a synclinal valley,once the bed of a great lake. Kashmir valley is very fertile with capital Srinagar in the heart and several beauty spots like Gulmarg.
41. Dal Lake near Srinagar was carved out of the alluvial deposits of Jhelum.
42. Deosai Basin of Kashmir is an example of ancient cirque lake.
43. Zojila pass of Kashmir Himadri connects the only road to Leh (the capital of Ladakh) from Srinagar.
44. Aksai Chin and Soda plains of Ladakh Plateau are evidences of past glacial action and are dry & bare.
45. Kangra Valley of Punjab Himalayas lies in its potential mineral oil wealth gone.
46. Badrinath, a religious place of Hindu lies in Nthe Himadri range of Kumaon Himalayas.
47. Jelep La pass of Sikkim Himalayas is the main route between Sikkim and the Chumbi Valley.
48. Darjeeling Range is famous for tea gardens,especially on Tiger Hills.
49. Cherrapunji Plateau of Khasi Hills is an example of Structural Platforms in India.
50. Dapha Bum is the highest peak of Mishmi Hills of Purva - NEFA.
51. Patkai Bum Range forms the watershed between India and Myanmar.
52. Saramati is the highest peak of Naga range.
53. Central part of the Manipur Hills is a large basin which appears to be the bed of old lake; a remnant of which occupies the southeast corner of the basin and is known as the “Loktak Lake”.
54. Southernmost part of the north-eastern range is known as Lushai Hills.
55. It is the ascending monsoon clouds over the frontal slopes and the side valleys that have made Cherrapunji world famous for rain.
56. Nokrek is the highest peak of Garo Hills of Meghalaya plateau.
57. Kazi range, on the northern margin of the Mikir Hills of Meghalaya plateau, has been developed as a sanctuary for wild animals.
58. Most of the great Northern Plains are composed of alluvium deposits during Middle Pleistocene and recent geological time.
59. Almost whole of the Western Arid Plain was under sea from the Permo-Carboniferous to the Pleistocene time. It was uplifted during the Pleistocene time.
60. Western part of Western Arid Plain is sandy and is covered with shifting sand dunes called “DHARIAN”.
61. Eastern part of Western Arid Plain, between the desert and the Aravalli is a fertile tracts
called “ROHI”.
62. Flat, narrow strips of low lying flood plains of Punjab Plains is known as “BETS”, which
have been formed by the shifting of river courses.
63. The Punjab Plain is drained by many rivers and the area between the two rivers are called DOABS such as :-
(i) Bist Doab - between Beas and Satluj
(ii) Bari Doab - between Beas and Ravi
(iii)Rachna Doab - between Ravi and Chenab
(iv)Chaj Doab - between Chenab and Jhelum
64. The broad Punjab flood plains of Khadar, flanked by Bluffs are locally called as “DHAYA”.
65. In the north Bihar Plain, north of Ganga, a long line of marshes are known as “CHAURS”, like Kabar Tal.
66. In the South Bihar Plain, South of Ganga & west of Rajmahal hills, on the outward side occur vast depressions, known as “JALA” near Patna and “TALA” near Mokama.
67. North Bengal Plains, from the foot of Eastern Himalayas in the north to the northern limit of Bengal basin, is the ideal home of tea plantation. Further south lies the older delta of the Ganga formed during the Pleistocene time and subsequently upwarped and eroded into terraces known as “BARIND PLAIN”.
68. “RAHR PLAIN” is the low land to the west of the Bhagirathi and when the rivers like Damodar are in flood, the entire countryside is submerged.
69. Due to hard quartzite rocks the Aravalli provides unfavourable environment for men.
70. Narmada river from a spring on Amarkantak Plateau and at Bheraghat. It forms a waterfall known as Dhuandhar or Marble fall.
71. Palghat Gap, in the Western Ghats, is 24km. wide and is probably a rift valley, owing its existence to subsidence of the land between two parallel fault lines. Ponnani river flows through it.
72. Palni Hills, the continuity of Southern Sahyadri in the north-east direction, has many beauty spots like Kodaikanal.
73. The Cardamom Hills or Elamalai, south of Palghat Gap as the continuation of South
Sahyadri, is famous for cardamom plantation. Its east face is densely populated, commonly known as Kambam Valley.
74. South of Tapi Valley in Maharashtra Plateau is the Ajanta Range and a southern spur, Ellora Hills is equally famous for its caves.
75. Physigoraphically, the Mysore Plateau can be subdivided into two parts:
i) Malnad - Hilly, deep valley, densely forested ; Baba Budan hill lies here &
ii) Maidan - Rolling plains with low granitic hills.
76. Eastern Ghats in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh is locally known as MALIYAS (highland), forming watershed between west flowing streams like Machkund, Sileru and the east flowing streams like Vamsadhara.
77. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh the East Coast Plain is also called PAYAN GHAT,
extending from Cape Comorin to Krishna- Godavari delta. 78. Bhargavi and Daya rivers drain into Chilka Lake.
79. Kutch and Kathiawar peninsula, on the northern end were once islands.
80. Vaitarna and Ulhas rivers drain the Konkan coast region.
81. Sharavati river drains the Karnataka coast with making the famous waterfall, “Gersoppa fall”.
82. Astamudi and Vembanad lakes are situated on the Kerala coast.
83. Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal came into existence during the late Cretaceous or Early
Tertiary time.
84. South of Kathiawar the continental shelf is 350 km wide and 220 km. wide south of the
mouth of Ganga. Elsewhere its width ranges from 50 km on the east coast to 100 km. on
the West Coast.
85. Bay of Bengal Islands are the elevated portion of submarine mountain range while
the Arabian sea islands are of coral origin.
86. Barren Island and Narcondam Island are the only volcanic islands within Indian
Territory.
87. Little Andaman is separated from the Great Andaman by the “Duncan Passage”.
88. South Andaman consists of parallel ridges and valleys with the highest hills “Mt.
Harriet” (450 m), facing the east coast. The city Port Blair lies here.
89. Off the west coast of the North and Middle Andamans there are a number of smaller
islands like Interview and Anderson, Ncomposed of limestone.
90. Nicobar Islands is a group of 19 islands but only 12 are inhabited.
91. Within the Nicobar Islands Great Nicobar is the largest and the Car-Nicobar is the northernmost island.
92. Main islands of Nicobar group are - Little Nicobar, Katchall, Camorta, Trinket, Nancowry etc.
93. Barren Island is a dormant volcano while the Narcondam Island is an extinct volcano.
94. Coral Island in the Arabian Sea is situated between 8 Degree N and 12 Degree N.
95. Amindivi Island is a group of six Islands- Amini, Kilton, Chetlat, Kadmat, Bitra and Peremulpur.
96. Laccadives Islands is a group of five islands- Androth, Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Pitti and Suheli Par.
97. Among the Arabian sea islands the Minicoy Island is the Southernmost, in the 8 Degree channel. Various Ganga Rivers Ram Ganga ... Originates from Dudatoli Mountain (Nainital) joins
Ganga below Farukkhabad.
Vishnu Ganga ... Originates from Kamet near Mana pass. Together with Dhauli forms Alaknanda (one of the two streams which from the Ganga) at Vishnuprayag.
Ban Ganga ... A bifurcation channel of the Ganga after Haridwar join the main channel of the Ganga at Majllispur.
Kali Ganga ... Originates from Milam Glacier, known as Sarju in its later course.
Wain Ganga ... A tributary of Godavari
Pen Ganga ... A tributary of Godavari
Panch Ganga ... A tributary of the Krishna River
Dudh Ganga ... A tributary of the Krishna River
Vridha Ganga ... Another name of Godavari
Dakshin Ganga ... Another name of Godavari
Kishan Ganga ... Originates from Pir Panjal Range; Joins the Jhelum Hot Springs
Phunknag ... J&K
Mani Kama ... Himachal
Rajgir ... Bihar
Tapowan ... Jharkhand
Tatapani ... Shimla (HP)
Vaireswari ... Thana Dist., Maharashtra
Bakreswar ... Virbhum (W.B.)
Bhayumtan ... Sikkim
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